The colonic H2O2 and MDA were evaluated using commercial kits (Nanjing Journal Pre-proof Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Serum TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IFN-β levels were assessed using ELISA (Shanghai Hengyuan Biotechnology Ltd., Shanghai, China), following the manufacturer’s instructions.